Reference
AI/SI Timeline
TIME-001Draftv0.1.0Reviewed 2026-10-15
This is a dated chronology of artificial intelligence, from the logic and calculating machines of antiquity and the 17th century to October 2026. It covers foundational theory, papers, algorithms, hardware, model releases, institutions, regulation and deployments. It is a Living Reference: rows are added and re-checked at each review, and it follows docs/SOURCE_POLICY.md.
#Reading conventions
- Date. The date is given at the precision the source supports. A bare year means the source confirms only the year. For arXiv papers the date is the version-1 submission date from the arXiv API record. For journal papers the date is the issue or online date recorded by Crossref. For vendor announcements the date is the date printed on the vendor's own page or feed.
- "Event" wording. A paper row records that the paper was published, with the title as given by the source. It does not record that the paper's claims are correct. Vendor rows record what the vendor announced, not independent verification of capability.
- Source / identifier. DOI, arXiv ID, statute citation or URL of the page the date was read from. Pages that block automated fetches were read from archived copies where noted ("archived copy").
- 2025-2026 rows. Every row dated 2025 or later carries
[C: 2026-10-15], the date on which its primary or reputable source was read. Fast-moving rows that rest only on secondary sources are marked[VERIFICATION NEEDED: ...]. Release dates and announced capabilities are vendor-reported (Tier 2); none implies independent evaluation. For current model details seeMODEL-001. - Article. Encyclopedia IDs. IDs without a file yet are listed in
docs/PLANNED_REGISTER.md. - Scope limits. Dates in this file are not an exhaustive priority record. Some well-known events (for example the 1973 Lighthill report and the 1980s expert-system boom) are omitted because a source page was not retrieved in this session; they are tracked in the Open items section.
#Era 1. Antiquity to 1699
| No. | Date | Event | Source / identifier | Article |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4th century BCE (author lived 384-322 BCE; composition year not stated by source) | Aristotle's Prior Analytics, the syllogistic treatise, is among the logical works collected as the Organon. | Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "Aristotle" and "Aristotle's Logic", https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-logic/ | HIST-001, FOUND-011 |
| 2 | 1645 | Blaise Pascal builds the first prototype of his calculating machine at Rouen. | SEP, "Blaise Pascal", https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pascal/ | HIST-001 |
| 3 | 1651 | Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, defines reason as "nothing but Reckoning (that is, Adding and Substracting) of the Consequences of generall names". | Project Gutenberg ebook 3207 (title page 1651; text of ch. 5) | HIST-001, FOUND-001 |
| 4 | 1666 | Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz publishes Dissertatio de arte combinatoria, sketching a "universal characteristic" and logical calculus. | SEP, "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz", https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leibniz/ | HIST-001, FOUND-011 |
#Era 2. 1700 to 1899
| No. | Date | Event | Source / identifier | Article |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | 1763 | "An essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances" by the late Rev. Mr. Bayes, communicated by Mr. Price, appears in Philosophical Transactions. | doi:10.1098/rstl.1763.0053 (Crossref: issued 1763; pp. 370-418) | FOUND-008 |
| 6 | 1843 | Ada Lovelace's translation of Menabrea's 1842 memoir, with her notes, is published as "Sketch of the Analytical Engine". The notes state that the Analytical Engine "has no pretensions whatever to originate anything". | Menabrea memoir dated Oct 1842 and Lovelace notes text at https://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/sketch.html; year 1843 per Crossref record doi:10.7551/mitpress/12274.003.0005 | HIST-001, FOUND-005 |
| 7 | 1854 | George Boole publishes The Laws of Thought, following The Mathematical Analysis of Logic (1847). | SEP, "George Boole", https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boole/ | FOUND-011 |
#Era 3. 1900 to 1949: logic, computability and early neural models
| No. | Date | Event | Source / identifier | Article |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8 | 1931 | Kurt Goedel, "Ueber formal unentscheidbare Saetze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme I", Monatshefte fuer Mathematik und Physik 38, 173-198. | doi:10.1007/BF01700692 | FOUND-004, FOUND-011 |
| 9 | 1936-04 | Alonzo Church, "An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory", American Journal of Mathematics 58, 345. | doi:10.2307/2371045 | FOUND-004 |
| 10 | 1936-1937 | Alan Turing, "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem", Proc. London Math. Soc. s2-42, 230-265 (Crossref issue year 1937). | doi:10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230 | FOUND-004, HIST-001, BIO-TURING-001 |
| 11 | 1943-12 | Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts, "A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity", Bull. Math. Biophys. 5, 115-133. | doi:10.1007/BF02478259 | TECH-NN-001, HIST-001 |
| 12 | 1948-07 | Claude Shannon, "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", Bell System Technical Journal 27, 379-423. | doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x | FOUND-009, BIO-SHANNON-001 |
| 13 | 1948 | Norbert Wiener, Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (first publication year per catalog record). | Open Library catalog record (first_publish_year 1948); publisher John Wiley & Sons | HIST-001 |
#Era 4. 1950 to 1969: founding of the field
| No. | Date | Event | Source / identifier | Article |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14 | 1950-10 | Alan Turing, "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", Mind 59(236), 433-460. | doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433 | HIST-001, FOUND-001, BIO-TURING-001 |
| 15 | 1955-08-31 | J. McCarthy, M. L. Minsky, N. Rochester and C. E. Shannon date their proposal for "a 2 month, 10 man study of artificial intelligence" to be carried out in the summer of 1956 at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire. | https://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html | HIST-002, BIO-MCCARTHY-001 |
| 16 | 1958 | Frank Rosenblatt, "The perceptron: A probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain", Psychological Review 65, 386-408. | doi:10.1037/h0042519 | HIST-003, BIO-ROSENBLATT-001 |
| 17 | 1959-07 | Arthur Samuel, "Some Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of Checkers", IBM J. Res. Dev. 3, 210-229. | doi:10.1147/rd.33.0210 | TECH-ML-001, HIST-009 |
| 18 | 1966-01 | Joseph Weizenbaum, "ELIZA - A Computer Program For the Study of Natural Language Communication Between Man and Machine", Commun. ACM 9, 36-45. | doi:10.1145/365153.365168 | HIST-012 |
| 19 | 1966 | I. J. Good, "Speculations Concerning the First Ultraintelligent Machine", Advances in Computers, pp. 31-88. | doi:10.1016/S0065-2458(08)60418-0 | ASI-EXP-001, ASI-001 |
| 20 | 1969 | Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert, Perceptrons (first publication year per catalog record; MIT Press). | Open Library catalog record (first_publish_year 1969); MIT Press page for the 1987 expanded edition, ISBN 9780262631112 | HIST-003, BIO-MINSKY-001 |
#Era 5. 1970 to 1989: symbolic systems and the connectionist revival
| No. | Date | Event | Source / identifier | Article |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 21 | 1976-03 | Allen Newell and Herbert Simon, "Computer science as empirical inquiry", Commun. ACM 19, 113-126. | doi:10.1145/360018.360022 | HIST-003, BIO-NEWELLSIMON-001 |
| 22 | 1980-04 | Kunihiko Fukushima, "Neocognitron: A self-organizing neural network model for a mechanism of pattern recognition unaffected by shift in position", Biol. Cybern. 36, 193-202. | doi:10.1007/BF00344251 | TECH-CNN-001 |
| 23 | 1982-04 | John Hopfield, "Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities", PNAS 79, 2554-2558. | doi:10.1073/pnas.79.8.2554 | TECH-NN-001 |
| 24 | 1986-10 | D. E. Rumelhart, G. E. Hinton and R. J. Williams, "Learning representations by back-propagating errors", Nature 323, 533-536. | doi:10.1038/323533a0 | HIST-008, TECH-BACKPROP-001 |
| 25 | 1988-08 | Richard Sutton, "Learning to predict by the methods of temporal differences", Machine Learning 3, 9-44. | doi:10.1007/BF00115009 | TECH-RL-001, BIO-SUTTON-001 |
| 26 | 1988 | Judea Pearl, Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems (Morgan Kaufmann; first publication year per catalog record). | Open Library catalog record (first_publish_year 1988) | FOUND-008 |
| 27 | 1989-12 | Y. LeCun et al., "Backpropagation Applied to Handwritten Zip Code Recognition", Neural Computation 1, 541-551. | doi:10.1162/neco.1989.1.4.541 | TECH-CNN-001, BIO-LECUN-001 |
#Era 6. 1990 to 2011: statistical learning, game playing and the data era
| No. | Date | Event | Source / identifier | Article |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 28 | 1995-03 | Gerald Tesauro, "Temporal difference learning and TD-Gammon", Commun. ACM 38, 58-68. | doi:10.1145/203330.203343 | TECH-RL-001, HIST-009 |
| 29 | 1995-09 | Corinna Cortes and Vladimir Vapnik, "Support-vector networks", Machine Learning 20, 273-297. | doi:10.1007/BF00994018 | TECH-ML-001, HIST-007 |
| 30 | 1997-05 | Deep Blue defeats Garry Kasparov 3.5-2.5 in a rematch at the Equitable Center, New York, the first computer system to defeat a reigning world champion in a match under standard tournament time controls. The final score and venue are as reported by IBM; Campbell, Hoane and Hsu describe the system. | https://www.ibm.com/history/deep-blue; doi:10.1016/S0004-3702(01)00129-1 | HIST-009 |
| 31 | 1997-11 | Sepp Hochreiter and Juergen Schmidhuber, "Long Short-Term Memory", Neural Computation 9, 1735-1780. | doi:10.1162/neco.1997.9.8.1735 | TECH-RNN-001 |
| 32 | 1998 | Y. LeCun, L. Bottou, Y. Bengio and P. Haffner, "Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition", Proc. IEEE 86, 2278-2324. | doi:10.1109/5.726791 | TECH-CNN-001, BIO-BENGIO-001 |
| 33 | 2006-07 | G. E. Hinton, S. Osindero and Y.-W. Teh, "A Fast Learning Algorithm for Deep Belief Nets", Neural Computation 18, 1527-1554; and G. E. Hinton and R. R. Salakhutdinov, "Reducing the Dimensionality of Data with Neural Networks", Science 313, 504-507 (28 July 2006). | doi:10.1162/neco.2006.18.7.1527; doi:10.1126/science.1127647 | HIST-005, BIO-HINTON-001 |
| 34 | 2009-06 | J. Deng et al., "ImageNet: A large-scale hierarchical image database", CVPR 2009, 248-255. | doi:10.1109/CVPR.2009.5206848 | HIST-005, HIST-013 |
| 35 | 2009-06-14 | R. Raina, A. Madhavan and A. Y. Ng, "Large-scale deep unsupervised learning using graphics processors", ICML 2009, 873-880. | doi:10.1145/1553374.1553486 | TECH-HW-001 |
| 36 | 2011-02 | IBM's Watson (DeepQA) defeats Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings in a televised Jeopardy! contest. | https://www.ibm.com/history/watson-jeopardy | HIST-009 |
#Era 7. 2012 to 2016: the deep learning ascendancy
| No. | Date | Event | Source / identifier | Article |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 37 | 2012 | In the ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge 2012 results page, team SuperVision records top-5 error 0.15315 (using extra ImageNet Fall 2011 data) and 0.16422 (supplied training data only); the next listed team (ISI) records 0.26172. The SuperVision system is the convolutional network of Krizhevsky, Sutskever and Hinton. Exact announcement date of the results is not given on the page. | https://image-net.org/challenges/LSVRC/2012/results.html; doi:10.1145/3065386 (CACM reprint); doi:10.1007/s11263-015-0816-y | HIST-005, TECH-CNN-001 |
| 38 | 2013-01-16 | Mikolov et al. post "Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space" (word2vec). | arXiv:1301.3781 | TECH-TOK-001 |
| 39 | 2013-12-19 | Mnih et al. post "Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learning". | arXiv:1312.5602 | TECH-RL-001 |
| 40 | 2014-06-10 | Goodfellow et al. post "Generative Adversarial Networks". | arXiv:1406.2661 | TECH-GAN-001 |
| 41 | 2014-09-01 | Bahdanau, Cho and Bengio post "Neural Machine Translation by Jointly Learning to Align and Translate". | arXiv:1409.0473 | TECH-ATTN-001 |
| 42 | 2015-02-25 | Mnih et al., "Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning", Nature 518, 529-533. | doi:10.1038/nature14236 | TECH-RL-001 |
| 43 | 2015-05-27 | LeCun, Bengio and Hinton, "Deep learning", Nature 521, 436-444. | doi:10.1038/nature14539 | TECH-DL-001 |
| 44 | 2015-12-10 | He et al. post "Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition". | arXiv:1512.03385 | TECH-CNN-001 |
| 45 | 2015-12-11 | OpenAI is announced in the post "Introducing OpenAI". | https://openai.com/index/introducing-openai/ (archived copy; date December 11, 2015) | ORG-LABS-001 |
| 46 | 2016-01-27 | Silver et al., "Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search", Nature 529, 484-489. DeepMind reports that AlphaGo beat the European champion Fan Hui 5-0 in October 2015. | doi:10.1038/nature16961; https://deepmind.google/research/breakthroughs/alphago/ | HIST-009, TECH-RL-001 |
| 47 | 2016-03 | AlphaGo defeats Lee Sedol 4-1 in Seoul, South Korea. | https://deepmind.google/research/breakthroughs/alphago/ | HIST-009 |
| 48 | 2016-06-21 | Amodei et al. post "Concrete Problems in AI Safety". | arXiv:1606.06565 | SAFE-ALIGN-001 |
#Era 8. 2017 to 2021: transformers, self-play and foundation models
| No. | Date | Event | Source / identifier | Article |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 49 | 2017-01-23 | Shazeer et al. post "Outrageously Large Neural Networks: The Sparsely-Gated Mixture-of-Experts Layer". | arXiv:1701.06538 | TECH-MOE-001 |
| 50 | 2017-06-12 | Vaswani et al. post "Attention Is All You Need". | arXiv:1706.03762 | TECH-ARCH-001, TECH-ATTN-001 |
| 51 | 2017-06-12 | Christiano et al. post "Deep reinforcement learning from human preferences". | arXiv:1706.03741 | TECH-ALIGN-001 |
| 52 | 2017-06-24 | Jouppi et al., "In-Datacenter Performance Analysis of a Tensor Processing Unit", ISCA 2017, 1-12. | doi:10.1145/3079856.3080246 | TECH-HW-001 |
| 53 | 2017-12-05 | Silver et al. post "Mastering Chess and Shogi by Self-Play with a General Reinforcement Learning Algorithm" (AlphaZero); journal version in Science 362, 1140-1144 (7 December 2018). | arXiv:1712.01815; doi:10.1126/science.aar6404 | TECH-RL-001, HIST-009 |
| 54 | 2018-01-26 | Brown and Sandholm, "Superhuman AI for heads-up no-limit poker: Libratus beats top professionals", Science 359, 418-424. | doi:10.1126/science.aao1733 | TECH-RL-001 |
| 55 | 2018-04-20 | Wang et al. post "GLUE: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understanding". | arXiv:1804.07461 | CAP-BENCH-001 |
| 56 | 2018-06-11 | OpenAI publishes "Improving language understanding with unsupervised learning" (date on page: June 11, 2018). | https://openai.com/index/language-unsupervised/ (archived copy) | TECH-LLM-001 |
| 57 | 2018-10-11 | Devlin et al. post "BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding". | arXiv:1810.04805 | TECH-LLM-001, HIST-012 |
| 58 | 2018 (award year) | Yoshua Bengio, Geoffrey Hinton and Yann LeCun receive the ACM A.M. Turing Award "for conceptual and engineering breakthroughs that have made deep neural networks a critical component of computing". | https://awards.acm.org/about/2018-turing (archived copy) | TECH-DL-001, BIO-HINTON-001, BIO-LECUN-001, BIO-BENGIO-001 |
| 59 | 2019-02-14 | OpenAI publishes "Better language models and their implications" (GPT-2; date on page: February 14, 2019). | https://openai.com/index/better-language-models/ (archived copy) | TECH-LLM-001 |
| 60 | 2019-11-05 | Chollet posts "On the Measure of Intelligence" (proposes a formal definition of intelligence as skill-acquisition efficiency). | arXiv:1911.01547 | AGI-DEF-001, CAP-BENCH-001 |
| 61 | 2020-01-23 | Kaplan et al. post "Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models". | arXiv:2001.08361 | TECH-SCALE-001 |
| 62 | 2020-05-28 | Brown et al. post "Language Models are Few-Shot Learners" (GPT-3). | arXiv:2005.14165 | TECH-LLM-001 |
| 63 | 2020-06-19 | Ho, Jain and Abbeel post "Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models". | arXiv:2006.11239 | TECH-DIFF-001 |
| 64 | 2020-09-07 | Hendrycks et al. post "Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding" (MMLU). | arXiv:2009.03300 | CAP-BENCH-001 |
| 65 | 2020-10-22 | Dosovitskiy et al. post "An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale". | arXiv:2010.11929 | TECH-MM-001 |
| 66 | 2021-02-26 | Radford et al. post "Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision" (CLIP). | arXiv:2103.00020 | TECH-MM-001 |
| 67 | 2021-06-29 | GitHub introduces GitHub Copilot as a technical preview (date on post: June 29, 2021). | https://github.blog/news-insights/product-news/introducing-github-copilot-ai-pair-programmer/ | TECH-CODE-001, APP-SW-001 |
| 68 | 2021-07-07 | Chen et al. post "Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Code" (Codex). | arXiv:2107.03374 | TECH-CODE-001 |
| 69 | 2021-07-15 | Jumper et al., "Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold", Nature 596, 583-589. | doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03819-2 | APP-PROT-001, APP-SCI-001 |
| 70 | 2021-08-16 | Bommasani et al. post "On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models". | arXiv:2108.07258 | TECH-LLM-001 |
| 71 | 2021-11 | UNESCO Member States adopt the Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. | https://www.unesco.org/en/artificial-intelligence/recommendation-ethics (archived copy; month and year given) | GOV-LAW-001, GOV-INTL-001 |
| 72 | 2021-12-20 | Rombach et al. post "High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Models". | arXiv:2112.10752 | TECH-DIFF-001 |
#Era 9. 2022 to 2024: generative AI deployment and early governance
| No. | Date | Event | Source / identifier | Article |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 73 | 2022-01-28 | Wei et al. post "Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models". | arXiv:2201.11903 | TECH-REASON-001 |
| 74 | 2022-03-04 | Ouyang et al. post "Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback" (InstructGPT). | arXiv:2203.02155 | TECH-ALIGN-001 |
| 75 | 2022-03-22 | NVIDIA announces the Hopper architecture (H100). | https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/nvidia-announces-hopper-architecture-the-next-generation-of-accelerated-computing | TECH-HW-001 |
| 76 | 2022-03-29 | Hoffmann et al. post "Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Models" (Chinchilla). | arXiv:2203.15556 | TECH-SCALE-001 |
| 77 | 2022-06-15 | Wei et al. post "Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models". The interpretation of such results is contested; see CAP-BENCH-001. |
arXiv:2206.07682 | CAP-BENCH-001, TECH-SCALE-001 |
| 78 | 2022-11-30 | OpenAI publishes the ChatGPT announcement (date on page: November 30, 2022). | https://openai.com/index/chatgpt/ (archived copy) | CAP-GENAI-001, TECH-LLM-001 |
| 79 | 2022-12-09 | Meta FAIR Diplomacy Team et al., "Human-level play in the game of Diplomacy by combining language models with strategic reasoning", Science 378, 1067-1074. | doi:10.1126/science.ade9097 | TECH-AGENT-001, TECH-MARL-001 |
| 80 | 2022-12-15 | Bai et al. post "Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback". | arXiv:2212.08073 | TECH-ALIGN-001, SAFE-ALIGN-001 |
| 81 | 2023-01-26 | NIST releases the AI Risk Management Framework 1.0 (voluntary). | https://www.nist.gov/itl/ai-risk-management-framework (page: "Released on January 26, 2023") | ORG-STANDARDS-001, GOV-US-001 |
| 82 | 2023-02-24 | Meta announces LLaMA (blog dated February 24, 2023); the paper is posted 27 February 2023. | https://ai.meta.com/blog/large-language-model-llama-meta-ai/; arXiv:2302.13971 | CAP-OPEN-001, TECH-LLM-001 |
| 83 | 2023-03-14 | OpenAI publishes the GPT-4 announcement (date on page: March 14, 2023). | https://openai.com/index/gpt-4-research/ (archived copy) | TECH-LLM-001 |
| 84 | 2023-03-14 | Anthropic publishes "Introducing Claude" (date on page: Mar 14, 2023). | https://www.anthropic.com/news/introducing-claude | TECH-LLM-001, ORG-LABS-001 |
| 85 | 2023-03-22 | Future of Life Institute publishes the open letter "Pause Giant AI Experiments" (published 22 March 2023 per the page). | https://futureoflife.org/open-letter/pause-giant-ai-experiments/ | SAFE-XRISK-001, GOV-LAW-001 |
| 86 | 2023-04-20 | Google announces that Google Brain and DeepMind are combining into Google DeepMind (post dated Apr 20, 2023). | https://blog.google/technology/ai/april-ai-update/ | ORG-LABS-001 |
| 87 | 2023-05 | The Center for AI Safety publishes the one-sentence "Statement on AI Extinction Risk": "Mitigating the risk of extinction from AI should be a global priority alongside other societal-scale risks such as pandemics and nuclear war." [VERIFICATION NEEDED: the fetched page is undated; the day of publication is not confirmed] | https://safe.ai/work/statement-on-ai-risk | SAFE-XRISK-001 |
| 88 | 2023-09-19 | Anthropic publishes its Responsible Scaling Policy (post dated Sep 19, 2023). | https://www.anthropic.com/news/anthropics-responsible-scaling-policy | SAFE-EVAL-001, ORG-LABS-001 |
| 89 | 2023-10-30 | US Executive Order 14110, "Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence", is signed (published 1 November 2023, 88 FR 75191). It was later revoked (row 105). | Federal Register API record; https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2023-11-01/html/2023-24283.htm | GOV-US-001 |
| 90 | 2023-11-01 to 2023-11-02 | The AI Safety Summit is held; countries attending issue the Bletchley Declaration (page titled "...AI Safety Summit, 1-2 November 2023"). | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countries-attending-the-ai-safety-summit-1-2-november-2023 | GOV-INTL-001, ORG-SAFETY-001 |
| 91 | 2023-12 | ISO/IEC 42001:2023, "Information technology - Artificial intelligence - Management system", Edition 1, is published. | https://www.iso.org/standard/81230.html (archived copy: "Edition 1 2023-12") | ORG-STANDARDS-001 |
| 92 | 2023-12-06 | Google announces Gemini (post dated Dec 06, 2023). The technical report "Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models" is posted 2023-12-19. | https://blog.google/technology/ai/google-gemini-ai/; arXiv:2312.11805 | TECH-MM-001, TECH-LLM-001 |
| 93 | 2024-01-05 | Grace et al. post "Thousands of AI Authors on the Future of AI" (survey); later published in J. Artif. Intell. Res. 84:9 (2025). | arXiv:2401.02843 | AGI-TIME-001, FCST-METHOD-001 |
| 94 | 2024-03-04 | Anthropic announces the Claude 3 model family (post dated Mar 4, 2024). | https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-3-family | TECH-LLM-001 |
| 95 | 2024-03-18 | NVIDIA announces the Blackwell platform (release dated March 18, 2024). | https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/nvidia-blackwell-platform-arrives-to-power-a-new-era-of-computing | TECH-HW-001 |
| 96 | 2024-05 | The OECD AI Principles, first adopted in May 2019, are updated in May 2024. | https://oecd.ai/en/ai-principles (archived copy) | GOV-INTL-001, GOV-LAW-001 |
| 97 | 2024-05-13 | OpenAI announces GPT-4o (RSS entry "Introducing GPT-4o and more tools to ChatGPT free users", 13 May 2024). | https://openai.com/news/rss.xml; https://openai.com/index/hello-gpt-4o/ (archived copy, May 13, 2024) | TECH-MM-001 |
| 98 | 2024-07-12 | Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (the AI Act, of 13 June 2024) is published in the Official Journal; it enters into force on 1 August 2024. | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj (Official Journal text, read 2026-10-18) | GOV-EU-001, GOV-LAW-001 |
| 99 | 2024-07-25 | Google DeepMind reports that AlphaProof and AlphaGeometry 2 solved 4 of the 6 problems of IMO 2024 for 28 points, a silver-medal standard. Problems were manually translated into formal language and solutions took up to three days. | https://deepmind.google/discover/blog/ai-solves-imo-problems-at-silver-medal-level/ | CAP-REASON-001, APP-SCI-001 |
| 100 | 2024-09-05 | The Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (CETS No. 225) is opened for signature. | https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/the-framework-convention-on-artificial-intelligence | GOV-INTL-001, GOV-EU-001 |
| 101 | 2024-09-12 | OpenAI introduces OpenAI o1 (o1-preview; page dated September 12, 2024). | https://openai.com/index/introducing-openai-o1-preview/ (archived copy) | TECH-REASON-001 |
| 102 | 2024-10-08 | The Nobel Prize in Physics 2024 is awarded to John J. Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton "for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks". | https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2024/press-release/ (8 October 2024) | BIO-HINTON-001, TECH-NN-001 |
| 103 | 2024-10-09 | The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024 is awarded half to David Baker "for computational protein design" and half jointly to Demis Hassabis and John Jumper "for protein structure prediction". | https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/press-release/ (9 October 2024) | APP-PROT-001, APP-SCI-001 |
| 104 | 2024-12-20 | ARC Prize reports that OpenAI's o3 scored 75.7% on the ARC-AGI-1 Semi-Private Evaluation set at the public-leaderboard compute limit (USD 10,000) and 87.5% in a high-compute configuration; o3 was trained on the ARC-AGI-1 public training set. A later note on the page (3/24/2025) says the released o3 differs from the tested version. | https://arcprize.org/blog/oai-o3-pub-breakthrough ("Published 20 Dec 2024") | AGI-TEST-001, CAP-BENCH-001 |
#Era 10. 2025 to October 2026: reasoning models, agents, and statutory regimes
All rows in this era were read from the cited source on 2026-10-15.
| No. | Date | Event | Source / identifier | Article |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 105 | 2025-01-20 | US Executive Order 14148, "Initial Rescissions of Harmful Executive Orders and Actions" (signed 20 January 2025; 90 FR 8237, published 28 January 2025), rescinds Executive Order 14110. [C: 2026-10-15] |
Federal Register API record; https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2025-01-28/html/2025-01901.htm | GOV-US-001 |
| 106 | 2025-01-20 | DeepSeek releases DeepSeek-R1 (change-log entry "DeepSeek-R1 Release 2025/01/20"; MIT license; weights and technical report released). The arXiv paper (2501.12948) is posted 2025-01-22 and the Nature version, "DeepSeek-R1 incentivizes reasoning in LLMs through reinforcement learning", appears 2025-09-17 (Nature 645, 633-638). [C: 2026-10-15] |
https://api-docs.deepseek.com/news/news250120; arXiv:2501.12948; doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09422-z | TECH-REASON-001, CAP-OPEN-001 |
| 107 | 2025-01-23 | US Executive Order 14179, "Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence" (90 FR 8741, published 31 January 2025). [C: 2026-10-15] |
Federal Register API record | GOV-US-001 |
| 108 | 2025-01-29 | Bengio et al. post the "International AI Safety Report" (first edition). [C: 2026-10-15] |
arXiv:2501.17805 | SAFE-EVAL-001, GOV-INTL-001 |
| 109 | 2025-02-02 | The AI Act's prohibitions and AI literacy provisions (Chapters I and II) begin to apply, per Article 113(a); the later-added prohibitions in Article 5(1)(ba),(bb), (1a) and (1b) apply from 2 December 2026. [C: 2026-10-15] |
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj, Art. 113; http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj (Official Journal texts) | GOV-EU-001 |
| 110 | 2025-02-11 | The Paris AI Action Summit statement on "Inclusive and Sustainable Artificial Intelligence for People and the Planet" is published (page dated 11 February 2025; participants from over 100 countries). [C: 2026-10-15] |
https://www.elysee.fr/en/emmanuel-macron/2025/02/11/statement-on-inclusive-and-sustainable-artificial-intelligence-for-people-and-the-planet | GOV-INTL-001 |
| 111 | 2025-03-18 | Kwa et al. post "Measuring AI Ability to Complete Long Software Tasks" (METR; later in NeurIPS 2025). [C: 2026-10-15] |
arXiv:2503.14499 | CAP-AGENTEVAL-001, CAP-REASON-001 |
| 112 | 2025-04-16 | OpenAI introduces o3 and o4-mini (RSS entry, 16 Apr 2025). [C: 2026-10-15] |
https://openai.com/news/rss.xml | TECH-REASON-001 |
| 113 | 2025-05-17 | Chollet et al. post "ARC-AGI-2: A New Challenge for Frontier AI Reasoning Systems". [C: 2026-10-15] |
arXiv:2505.11831 | AGI-TEST-001 |
| 114 | 2025-05-22 | Anthropic announces Claude Opus 4 and Claude Sonnet 4 (post dated May 22, 2025). [C: 2026-10-15] |
https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-4 | TECH-LLM-001 |
| 115 | 2025-07-07 | The Gemini team posts "Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilities". [C: 2026-10-15] |
arXiv:2507.06261 | TECH-LLM-001, TECH-REASON-001 |
| 116 | 2025-07-10 | The European Commission publishes the General-Purpose AI Code of Practice, a voluntary tool for AI Act obligations on general-purpose AI models. [C: 2026-10-15] |
https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/contents-code-gpai ("The code was published on July 10, 2025") | GOV-EU-001 |
| 117 | 2025-07-21 | Google DeepMind reports that an advanced version of Gemini with Deep Think earned 35 of 42 points at IMO 2025 (five of six problems), with results graded and certified by IMO coordinators; the model worked end-to-end in natural language within the 4.5-hour time limit. [C: 2026-10-15] |
https://deepmind.google/discover/blog/advanced-version-of-gemini-with-deep-think-officially-achieves-gold-medal-standard-at-the-international-mathematical-olympiad/ (July 21, 2025) | CAP-REASON-001 |
| 118 | 2025-07-23 | The White House releases "Winning the AI Race: America's AI Action Plan" (policy document, not a statute). [C: 2026-10-15] |
https://www.whitehouse.gov/articles/2025/07/white-house-unveils-americas-ai-action-plan/ | GOV-US-001 |
| 119 | 2025-08-02 | The AI Act's obligations for general-purpose AI models, governance and notified bodies begin to apply (providers of models placed on the market before this date have until 2 August 2027). [C: 2026-10-15] |
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj, Arts. 113 and 111(3) (Official Journal text, read 2026-10-18) | GOV-EU-001 |
| 120 | 2025-08-07 | OpenAI introduces GPT-5 (page dated August 7, 2025). [C: 2026-10-15] |
https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-5/ (archived copy) | TECH-LLM-001 |
| 121 | 2025-08-26 | The UN General Assembly adopts, by consensus, resolution A/RES/79/325 establishing the Independent International Scientific Panel on AI and the Global Dialogue on AI Governance (official PDF dated 27 August 2025). [C: 2026-10-15] [VERIFICATION NEEDED: adoption date read from search-result summary of the UN PDF at un.org/pga; PDF text not parsed] |
https://www.un.org/pga/wp-content/uploads/sites/110/2025/12/A_RES_79_325-EN.pdf | GOV-INTL-001 |
| 122 | 2025-09-29 | California Governor approves SB 53, the Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act; it defines a "frontier model" as a foundation model trained with more than 10^26 integer or floating-point operations. [C: 2026-10-15] |
Bill text, leginfo.legislature.ca.gov, bill_id=202520260SB53 (archived copy: "Approved by Governor September 29, 2025") | GOV-US-001 |
| 123 | 2025-11-18 | Google introduces Gemini 3 (post dated Nov 18, 2025). [C: 2026-10-15] |
https://blog.google/products/gemini/gemini-3/ | TECH-LLM-001 |
| 124 | 2025-11-24 | Anthropic introduces Claude Opus 4.5 (post dated Nov 24, 2025). [C: 2026-10-15] |
https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-opus-4-5 | TECH-LLM-001 |
| 125 | 2025-12-11 | US Executive Order 14365, "Ensuring a National Policy Framework for Artificial Intelligence" (90 FR 58499, published 16 December 2025), directs the Attorney General to establish an AI Litigation Task Force to challenge State AI laws it deems inconsistent with the order's policy. OpenAI introduces GPT-5.2 on the same date (RSS). [C: 2026-10-15] |
Federal Register API record; https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2025-12-16/html/2025-23092.htm; https://openai.com/news/rss.xml | GOV-US-001 |
| 126 | 2026-01-22 | South Korea's AI Basic Act takes effect. [C: 2026-10-15] [VERIFICATION NEEDED: effective date from law-firm analysis (Cooley, 27 Jan 2026) and press; official text on law.go.kr not read] |
https://www.cooley.com/news/insight/2026/2026-01-27-south-koreas-ai-basic-act-overview-and-key-takeaways | GOV-INTL-001 |
| 127 | 2026-02 | India hosts the AI Impact Summit in New Delhi; a non-binding New Delhi Declaration is reported adopted. [C: 2026-10-15] [VERIFICATION NEEDED: reports conflict on the closing date (20 or 21 February) and the signatory count (86-89); only press and government-release summaries were read] |
https://negd.gov.in/press_release/ai-impact-summit-2026-concludes-with-adoption-of-new-delhi-declaration/ | GOV-INTL-001 |
| 128 | 2026-04-07 | Anthropic announces Claude Mythos Preview and publishes a Frontier Red Team assessment of its cybersecurity capabilities. [C: 2026-10-15] |
https://www.anthropic.com/research/mythos-preview | SAFE-EVAL-001 |
| 129 | 2026-04-23 | OpenAI introduces GPT-5.5 (RSS). [C: 2026-10-15] |
https://openai.com/news/rss.xml | TECH-LLM-001 |
| 130 | 2026-04-24 | DeepSeek releases DeepSeek-V4 Preview (change-log entry 2026/04/24); DeepSeek-V4-Pro GA follows on 2026/08/13. [C: 2026-10-15] |
https://api-docs.deepseek.com/news/news250120 (change log) | CAP-OPEN-001 |
| 131 | 2026-05-15 | The European Union ratifies the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (CETS No. 225) at the 135th session of the Committee of Ministers, Chisinau. [C: 2026-10-15] |
https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/-/european-union-ratifies-the-council-of-europe-framework-convention-on-artificial-intelligence (archived copy) | GOV-INTL-001, GOV-EU-001 |
| 132 | 2026-06-09 | Anthropic launches Claude Fable 5 and Claude Mythos 5. [C: 2026-10-15] |
https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-fable-5-mythos-5 | TECH-LLM-001 |
| 133 | 2026-06-12 | Anthropic states that the US government issued an export-control directive barring foreign nationals from access to Fable 5 and Mythos 5, and that it suspended both models for all users; Anthropic reports access restored on 30 June / 1 July 2026. [C: 2026-10-15] [VERIFICATION NEEDED: account is first-party (Anthropic); the directive text was not retrieved and press accounts differ on the stated rationale] |
https://www.anthropic.com/news/fable-mythos-access; https://www.anthropic.com/news/redeploying-fable-5 | GOV-EXPORT-001 |
| 134 | 2026-07-24 | Anthropic introduces Claude Opus 5. [C: 2026-10-15] |
https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-opus-5 | TECH-LLM-001 |
| 135 | 2026-07-27 | Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 (Digital Omnibus on AI) enters into force. It postpones the high-risk obligations of Chapter III, Sections 1-3 of the AI Act to 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems) and 2 August 2028 (Annex I systems), and adds prohibitions on AI systems generating non-consensual intimate material and child sexual abuse material. [C: 2026-10-15] |
http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj (Official Journal text; entry into force on the third day after publication) | GOV-EU-001, GOV-LAW-001 |
| 136 | 2026-09-03 | OpenAI introduces GPT-6 Astra (RSS entries "GPT-6 Astra: A new generation of intelligence" and "Safety overview: GPT-6 Astra", 3 Sep 2026). [C: 2026-10-15] |
https://openai.com/news/rss.xml | TECH-LLM-001 |
| 137 | 2026-09-22 | Anthropic introduces Claude Opus 5.5 (post dated September 22, 2026). [C: 2026-10-15] |
https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-opus-5-5 | TECH-LLM-001 |
| 138 | 2026-10-13 | Google publishes "Gemini 4 Argon: Built to solve your hardest problems". [C: 2026-10-15] |
https://blog.google/technology/ai/rss/ (feed entry, 13 Oct 2026) | TECH-LLM-001 |
#Open items (not confirmed in this session)
These events are intentionally excluded until a source page is read. Do not add them from memory.
- Lighthill report (1973) and the 1980s expert-system boom and collapse (needed for
HIST-004,HIST-006). - Release dates of Gemini 2.5, Claude 3.5/3.7, Llama 4, Stable Diffusion, Midjourney and DALL-E systems (vendor pages not read).
- Colorado SB 24-205 effective date after the 2025 delay to 30 June 2026, and any 2026 amendment: sources read conflict or are silent.
- China's Interim Measures for Generative AI Services (effective 15 August 2023 per law-firm summaries; issuing date reported as 10 or 13 July 2023; Cyberspace Administration text not read).
- Date and status of the AI Act's remaining provisions after the Omnibus (general application date 2 August 2026 under Article 113; the penalties and Article 50 provisions need a consolidated-text check).
#Revision history
v0.1.0 (2026-10-15): Initial draft. Citations checked against arXiv/Crossref/publisher pages where marked; not independently fact-checked.